Macroeconomic Stabilisation Theory and Policy Essay

Macroeconomic Stabilisation Theory and Policy - Essay Example † A labour market is generally a market where the services of labour factors of production exchange hands. From a macroeconomics’ point of view, it is a very critical factor that impacts on the overall markets of factors of production. In line with the same definition, it should be noted that in the short-run wages remain rigid and this is among other predicaments in the same short-run. In the short-run, therefore, equilibrium remains an illusion. Over-employment and under-employment remain the order of the day in the short-run. (econguru.com, 2008) Castles, in his book, states that aggregate supply of labour is usually a function of the trade-off between leisure and income. It involves the effects of substitution and the income offsetting. (Castles, 1998 p198) On the other hand aggregate demand of labour happens where there is measurement of employment levels and it serves as a rate of growth determinant with wages and inflationary impacts on wage levels in the spotligh t. (O’Hara, 2001 p511) These two functions of any given labour market are the major aspects of this market clearing topic. They are going to be considered in detail further on in the study. The expression â€Å"Market clearing† refers to that process through which markets move to a scenario where the quantity of demand is equal to that of supply. This means that the forces of the economy ensure that supply and demand are at par. This process of achieving a market clearing position usually involves various adjustments in the market up to the point of getting a price of market clearing. This concept of market clearing is highly related to that of equilibrium in the market. (Black, et al, 2009 p282) Issues of a labour market may be with the inclusion of wages, rates of participation as well as unemployment. A typical labour market, thus, provides a systematic structure that creates an environment of employers’ and workers’ interaction with regards to the con ditions of work, jobs and pay. The outcomes of a given labour market are dependent upon the processes as well as institutions of the overall bargaining besides the part played by unions of trade and organisations of employers. (eurofound.europa.cu, 2011) An equilibrium in a market of labour may be the putting together of demand for labour and labour supply. In such a case the price, with labour in focus, is the wage equivalent to a given labour level and the demanded quantity of labour is the amount of labour-hours that are employed. Labour demand is the output price multiplied by the extra labour productivity in output units. Equilibrium, therefore, occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect. Figure 1; shows the demand and supply of labour in a given industrial case. Note: D is demand for labour S is supply for labour W is real wage levels Wage S W D Labour hours D,S One can look at a given labour market where there is a law of minimum wage. The most essential factor here is to make an analysis of the effects of the law of minimum wage. Minimum wage (W1) is set above the wage at equilibrium level. The resultant effect is that of employers’ demand as well as hire (N1) labour-hours, which is lower than would be the amount of labour hours that are hired at the point of equilibrium wage. The other outcome is an excess supply of labour as seen in the

Differences in Marketing products or Services to Organisations and Essay

Differences in Marketing products or Services to Organisations and Customers - Essay Example Marketing is the core of any business and the success or failure of marketing can affect the future of the organization. Different marketing strategies are used for different products and services. Moreover, marketing strategies used for marketing a product or service to a customer and to an organization is different as both an organization and a customer have basic differences in their buying habits. This paper briefly explains the basic differences in marketing a product or service to a customer and an organization. Organizations purchase and use goods for further production, operations, or resale whereas the customers always buy finished goods for their personal use. In other words, organizations always look for the utility of the product or service they purchased for making the profit whereas customers always look for quality, reliability and cheaper price of the product. Advertisements and sales promotion techniques can usually attract more customers whereas such things alone may not convince organizations. For example, a tire manufacturing organization purchases rubber for making tires. So they will be keen in getting rubber for the cheaper price and in better quality rather than the attractiveness of the branding or packaging of it. On the hand, a customer who purchases a tire will definitely be attracted by the brand value and attractive packaging.